The typical PDP-1 computer system, which sells for about $120,000, includes a cathode ray tube graphic display, paper tape input/output, needs no air conditioning and requires only one operator; all of which become standards for minicomputers. Designed by Sunnyvale, California native Steve Wozniak, and marketed by his friend Steve Jobs, the Apple-1 is a single-board computer for hobbyists. 25. After successfully demonstrating a proof-of-concept prototype in 1939, Professor John Vincent Atanasoff receives funds to build a full-scale machine at Iowa State College (now University). In a widely circulated paper, mathematician John von Neumann outlines the architecture of a stored-program computer, including electronic storage of programming information and data -- which eliminates the need for more clumsy methods of programming such as plugboards, punched cards and paper. The computer had to be rugged and fast, with advanced circuit design and reliable packaging able to withstand the forces of a missile launch. Operational by 1964, it was not the first computerized reservation system, but it was well publicized and became very influential. Colligan, Dubinsky, Hawkins (left to right). Based on the Touchstone Delta computer Intel had built at Caltech, the Paragon is a parallel supercomputer that uses 2,048 (later increased to more than four thousand) Intel i860 processors. From concept to finished system, SCAMP took only six months to develop. Created by Presper Eckert and John Mauchly -- designers of the earlier ENIAC computer -- the Univac 1 used 5,200 vacuum tubes and weighed 29,000 pounds. Students included future computing pioneers such as Maurice Wilkes, Claude Shannon, David Rees, and Jay Forrester. The machines existence was not made public until the 1970s. The EDSAC project was led by Cambridge professor and director of the Cambridge Computation Laboratory, Maurice Wilkes. The first release proved so popular there was a long delay in delivering systems on release. Output was displayed on the users home TV screen through use of an adapter. The Model 650 was also highly popular in universities, where a generation of students first learned programming. Palm Inc., founded by Ed Colligan, Donna Dubinsky, and Jeff Hawkins, originally created software for the Casio Zoomer personal data assistant. The Micral N was the first in the series and was produced by the company R2E. The LINC is an early and important example of a personal computer, that is, a computer designed for only one user. Gene Amdahl, father of the IBM System/360, starts his own company, Amdahl Corporation, to compete with IBM in mainframe computer systems. One of Britain's leading computer companies, Acorn continued the Archimedes line, which grew to nearly twenty different models, into the 1990s. These microcomputers were often sold as "DIY" kits or pre-built machines in relatively small numbers in the mid-1970s.These systems were primarily used for teaching the use of microprocessors and supporting peripheral devices, and unlike home computers were rarely used with pre-written application software. Its task was to detect incoming Soviet bombers and direct interceptor aircraft to destroy them. The Central processing unit (CPU) serves as the primarily processing component of a computer system. spreadsheet program Before its decommissioning in 1952, the SSEC produced the moon position tables used in early planning of the 1969 Apollo XII moon landing. Conceived in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation, this credit card-sized computer features ease of use and simplicity making it highly popular with students and hobbyists. An electronic machine operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can: 1. The Alto is a groundbreaking computer with wide influence on the computer industry. The University of Michigan Micro Mote (M3) is the smallest computer in the world at the time of its completion. What type of software allows teachers and students in different locations to use it to create, edit, and share documents at the same time over the Internet? Many companies have attempted to release electronic reading systems dating back to the early 1990s. Total Cards. So in 1971, Starkweather transferred to Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), away from corporate oversight. Instruction for which all students "meet" with the instructor by video at a designated time of day would be an example of this kind of distance course. Curt Herzstark was an Austrian engineer who worked in his familys manufacturing business until he was arrested by the Nazis in 1943. . A series of pulleys transported continuous rolls of punched paper tape containing possible solutions to a particular code. The PowerBook 170 was the high-end model, featuring an active matrix display, faster processor, as well as a floating point unit. Officially known as the Track Write, the automatically expanding full-sized keyboard used by the ThinkPad 701 is designed by inventor John Karidis. When the Minuteman I was decommissioned, some universities received these computers for use by students. Over the next few years, the basic design of the IAS machine was copied in at least 17 places and given similar-sounding names, for example, the MANIAC at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; the ILLIAC at the University of Illinois; the Johnniac at The Rand Corporation; and the SILLIAC in Australia. Led by curator Doron Swade the team built Babbages machine in six years, using techniques that would have been available to Babbage at the time, proving that Babbages design was accurate and that it could have been built in his day. Back in the 80s and 90s, the home computing revolution led to a huge number of microcomputers hitting the market across the world. The first Q1 microcomputer was delivered in December of 1972, making it the first, as far as he can tell. The motes were powered by a tiny battery and could gain light energy through a photocell, which was enough to feed the infinitesimally small amount of energy a mote consumes (1 picowatt). Enterprise resource planning systems cannot be used for managing daily operations. IBM establishes the 650 as its first mass-produced computer, with the company selling 450 in just one year. Federico Faggin led the design and Ted Hoff led the architecture. At the time IBM released the System/360, the company had just made the transition from discrete transistors to integrated circuits, and its major source of revenue began to move from punched card equipment to electronic computer systems. The LEO was Englands first commercial computer and was performing useful work before any other commercial computer system in the world. The success of the Portable inspired many other early IBM-compatible computers. High packaging density of integrated circuits and a novel Freon cooling system also contributed to its speed. What is a typical classroom application for instructional games? Despite using 98,304 PowerPC chips, Sequoia's relatively low power usage made it unusually efficient. The boss wants it to have a complex user interface with a time display, touch panel buttons and accurate timing for the toast cycle. What is the Internet standard for how web pages are formatted and displayed? Simon featured on the November 1950 Scientific American cover, The hobbyist magazine Radio Electronics publishes Edmund Berkeley's design for the Simon 1 relay computer from 1950 to 1951. Apple had initially included a handle in their Macintosh computers to encourage users to take their Macs on the go, though not until five years after the initial introduction does Apple introduce a true portable computer. D. The line was discontinued less than two years later. The machine was noted for its ease-of-use and included a 'manual' that contained only a few pictures and less than 20 words. The camera had a maximum resolution of 0.11 megapixels a 256-color display, and photos could be shared wirelessly. This real-time information system began operating in the early 1960s. b. enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. Based on the Intel 8008 microprocessor, the Micral is one of the earliest commercial, non-kit personal computers. The fastest machine of its day, The Cray-1's speed comes partly from its shape, a "C," which reduces the length of wires and thus the time signals need to travel across them. Joe Thompson at Whirlwind console, ca. Designed by British engineer Tommy Flowers, the Colossus is designed to break the complex Lorenz ciphers used by the Nazis during World War II. During World War II, the US Navy approaches the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) about building a flight simulator to train bomber crews. The Jaguar was used to study climate science, seismology, and astrophysics applications. VTech, founded in Hong Kong, had been a manufacturer of Pong-like games and educational toys when they introduce the Laser 128 computer. Stibitz stunned the group by performing calculations remotely on the CNC (located in New York City) using a Teletype terminal connected to New York over special telephone lines. Designed by scientists and engineers at MITs Instrumentation Laboratory, the Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) is the culmination of years of work to reduce the size of the Apollo spacecraft computer from the size of seven refrigerators side-by-side to a compact unit weighing only 70 lbs. Sales were weaker than projected, despite being widely praised by the press for its active matrix display, removable trackball, and high performance. Tailored for online transaction processing, the Tandem-16 is one of the first commercial fault-tolerant computers. Colossus reduced the time to break Lorenz messages from weeks to hours. The last one was decommissioned in 1979. The PDP-8 sold for $18,000, one-fifth the price of a small IBM System/360 mainframe. Sun helped cement the model of a workstation having an Ethernet interface as well as high-resolution graphics and the UNIX operating system. The architecture that allowed Windows and IBM OS/2 has remained in subsequent chips. The C64, as it is better known, sells for $595, comes with 64 KB of RAM and features impressive graphics. The Apple Mac computer running the Mac OS System 1 was the first commercially available computer with a graphical user interface. Be, founded by former Apple executive Jean Louis Gasse and a number of former Apple, NeXT and SUN employees, releases their only product the BeBox. The 386 chip brought with it the introduction of a 32-bit architecture, a significant improvement over the 16-bit architecture of previous microprocessors. In 1979, Truong sold R2E to Bull. The AGCs first flight was on Apollo 7. Initially designed for internal use by HP employees, co-founder Bill Hewlett issues a challenge to his engineers in 1971: fit all of the features of their desktop scientific calculator into a package small enough for his shirt pocket. ENIAC used panel-to-panel wiring and switches for programming, occupied more than 1,000 square feet, used about 18,000 vacuum tubes and weighed 30 tons. Although manufactured by Remington Rand, the machine was often mistakenly referred to as the IBM Univac." What do sites such as edshelf, Learning List, What Works Clearinghouse, EdSurge Product Index, and Common Sense Education help teachers with? Spectra systems were marketed on the basis of their compatibility with the IBM System/360 series of computer since it implemented the IBM 360 instruction set and could run most IBM software with little or no modification. false. Reaching 32 gigaflops (32 billion floating point operations per second), Intels Touchstone Delta has 512 processors operating independently, arranged in a two-dimensional communications mesh. Caltech researchers used this supercomputer prototype for projects such as real-time processing of satellite images, and for simulating molecular models in AIDS research. The TI 99/4 sold well and led to a series of TI follow-on machines. In 1983 Zojirushi introduced a rice cooker that was among the first consumer-oriented products to rely on fuzzy logic. Because of its speed, small size, and reasonable cost, the PDP-8 was sold by the thousands to manufacturing plants, small businesses, and scientific laboratories around the world. The Moore School Building at the University of Pennsylvania. The first IBM PC, formally known as the IBM Model 5150, was based on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor and used Microsofts MS-DOS operating system. An experiment conducted five months later on the MIT Whirlwind computer confirmed how useful and convenient a keyboard input device could be. Apple's Macintosh Portable meets with little success in the marketplace and leads to a complete redesign of Apple's line of portable computers. Commodore even used Star Trek television star William Shatner in advertisements. Built by IBM using their Blue Gene/Q supercomputer architecture, the Sequoia system is the world's fastest supercomputer in 2012. Onyx Systems began selling early microcomputer-based Unix workstations in 1980. Online retailer Amazon released the Kindle, one of the first to gain a large following among consumers. Level. Updates called _____ contain fixes and enhancements to the operating system. With a screen resolution of up to 400 pixels-per-inch (PPI), Retina displays approached the limit of pixel visibility to the human eye. The PowerBook line of computers was discontinued in 2006. They did. Designer Thi Truong developed the computer while Philippe Kahn wrote the software. Many innovative programs were created for Johnniac, including the time-sharing system JOSS that allowed many users to simultaneously access the machine. Its price was especially attractive as the computer included very useful productivity software worth about $1,500 alone. A special version, known as HARVEST, was developed for the US National Security Agency (NSA). microprocessor/ processor. Spinning at 12,500 rpm, the 650s magnetic data-storage drum allowed much faster access to stored information than other drum-based machines. The banking industry rushed to adopt the machine, built to run during repair or expansion. One of the earliest and most popular pieces of software for microcomputers was the VisiCalc spreadsheet program. Designed to replace the 32-bit VAX architecture, the Alpha is a 64-bit reduced instruction set computer (RISC) microprocessor. Truong, founder and president of the French company R2E, created the Micral as a replacement for minicomputers in situations that did not require high performance, such as process control and highway toll collection. Foremost among its developments was Forresters perfection of magnetic core memory, which became the dominant form of high-speed random access memory for computers until the mid-1970s. The 400 served primarily as a game console, while the 800 was more of a home computer. The replica is currently on display at the Computer History Museum. With a distinctive anodized aluminum case, and hailed as the first true 64-bit personal computer, the Apple G5 is the most powerful Macintosh ever released to that point. The Retina display became standard on most of the iPad, iPhone, MacBook, and Apple Watch product lines. 2. Many of the 1101s basic architectural details were used again in later Remington-Rand computers until the 1960s. Which software tool would be helpful for preparing a newsletter? The first large commercial computers to use integrated circuits, RCA highlights the IC's advantage over IBMs custom SLT modules. What software was the first available for microcomputers? refers to symbols that represent fast objects and ideas. The Macintosh Portable was heavy, weighing sixteen pounds, and expensive (US$6,500). Millions of Apple IIs were sold between 1977 and 1993, making it one of the longest-lived lines of personal computers. Their first program, consisting of seventeen instructions and written by Kilburn, ran on June 21st, 1948. T/F False Storage on a mobile device is usually an SSD (Solid-state drive). Apple Stores display of newly introduced Apple Watches. The micro should be an extremely low power device even if this raises the cost of the project. A full-scale working replica of the ABC was completed in 1997, proving that the ABC machine functioned as Atanasoff had claimed. Running on dual IBM 7090 mainframe computer systems, SABRE was inspired by IBMs earlier work on the SAGE air-defense system. The 6600 retained the distinction of being the fastest computer in the world until surpassed by its successor, the CDC 7600, in 1968. Only one month later, another one million Raspberry Pis were delivered. Microcomputers for Twenty-First Century Educators (Paperback, 4th ed) / Author: Lockard / Author: Abrams / Author: "Many ; 9780673524560 ; Educational resources & technology, Education, Social sciences, Books If a social studies teacher wanted to poll students anonymously about their opinions on a local issue, what tool might she use to gather their data? Called the Model K Adder because he built it on his Kitchen table, this simple demonstration circuit provides proof of concept for applying Boolean logic to the design of computers, resulting in construction of the relay-based Model I Complex Calculator in 1939. It interfaced with a wide number of standard laboratory instruments, allowing customers to computerize their instrument systems. This is likely the first example of remote access computing. The trio soon attracted UC Berkeley UNIX guru Bill Joy, who led software development. Sold complete with a main logic board, switching power supply, keyboard, case, manual, game paddles, and cassette tape containing the game Breakout, the Apple-II finds popularity far beyond the hobbyist community which made up Apples user community until then. Shareware is a software program that is given away by the author for others to use free of charge. Atlas was the fastest computer in the world at the time and introduced the concept of virtual memory, that is, using a disk or drum as an extension of main memory. Also known inside IBM as the Defense Calculator," the 701 rented for $15,000 a month. Columbia Supercomputer system made up of SGI Altix. Hewlett and Packard in their garage workshop. server. Lisa itself, and especially its GUI, were inspired by earlier work at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. Japan's SoftBank introduces the first camera phone, the J-Phone J-SH04; a Sharp-manufactured digital phone with integrated camera. Subject. Based on Charles Babbage's second design for a mechanical calculating engine, a team at the Science Museum in London sets out to prove that the design would have worked as planned. Named in honor of the space shuttle which broke-up on re-entry, the Columbia supercomputer is an important part of NASA's return to manned spaceflight after the 2003 disaster. The SSEC was one of the last of the generation of 'super calculators' to be built using electromechanical technology. When was the word "computer" first used? A year later, it steered Apollo 11 to the lunar surface. The PET was popular with schools and for use as a home computer. It was believed that ENIAC had done more calculation over the ten years it was in operation than all of humanity had until that time. The HP-35 helped HP become one of the most dominant companies in the handheld calculator market for more than two decades. The new chip made graphical operating environments for IBM PC and PC-compatible computers practical. MADDIDA is a digital drum-based differential analyzer. Bill Gates and Paul Allen licensed their BASIC programming language interpreter to MITS as the main language for the Altair. Of the dozens of different SWTP kits available, the 6800 proved the most popular. Compaq's success launched a market for IBM-compatible computers that by 1996 had achieved an 83-percent share of the personal computer market. For many business users, quick access to this huge storage capability outweighed its relatively slow processing speed. Term. The Motorola 68000 microprocessor exhibited a processing speed far greater than its contemporaries. The Nest allowed for remote access to a users homes thermostat by using a smartphone or tablet and could also send monthly power consumption reports to help save on energy bills. Both faced strong competition from the Apple II, Commodore PET, and TRS-80 computers. This type of computer is useful in performing many of the mathematical equations scientists and engineers encounter in their work. The Watch was received with great enthusiasm, but critics took issue with the somewhat limited battery life and high price. It was designed by MIT Lincoln Laboratory engineer Wesley Clark. Manipulate the data according to specific rules (process) 3. Term. It had two operating modes, one that mirrored the segmented memory of older x86 chips, allowing full backward compatibility, and one that took full advantage of its more advanced technology. It was a commercial computer based on a microprocessor, the Intel 8008. It was originally created for a nuclear missile design project in 1949 by a team led by Fred Steele. Which software function could help students memorize the correct names of chemical elements? Each processor had its own small memory linked with others through a flexible network that users altered by reprogramming rather than rewiring. You are designing a controller for a toaster oven. The Commodore 64 was one of the most popular microcomputers of its era, and is the best-selling model of home computers of all time. Apple launches the iPhone - a combination of web browser, music player and cell phone - which could download new functionality in the form of "apps" (applications) from the online Apple store. Lisa is the first commercial personal computer with a graphical user interface (GUI). Steve Jobs, forced out of Apple in 1985, founds a new company NeXT. The Zilog Z-80 could run any program written for the 8080 and included twice as many built-in machine instructions. This high performance processor found its place in powerful work stations intended for graphics-intensive programs common in engineering. In 1939, Bell Telephone Laboratories completes this calculator, designed by scientist George Stibitz. It was the first microcomputer to sell in large numbers. (D) Most of those individuals and companies that could be expected to make up the potential market for the Regent microcomputer have already filled their microcomputer needs. The NeXT had three Motorola microprocessors and 8 MB of RAM. True The term DBMS is used in reference to spreadsheet software. Nine of the computers, which featured dozens of advanced design innovations, were sold, mainly to national laboratories and major scientific users. The knowledge and technologies developed for the Stretch project played a major role in the design, management, and manufacture of the later IBM System/360--the most successful computer family in IBM history. The world's first scanned image was made on SEAC by engineer Russell Kirsch in 1957. Ross contended that a Flexowriter -- an electrically-controlled typewriter -- connected to an MIT computer could function as a keyboard input device due to its low cost and flexibility. The US Army asked Bell Laboratories to design a machine to assist in testing its M-9 gun director, a type of analog computer that aims large guns to their targets. The Mark 1 produced mathematical tables but was soon superseded by electronic stored-program computers. Zuse later supervised a reconstruction of the Z3 in the 1960s, which is currently on display at the Deutsches Museum in Munich. IBMs initial investment of $5 billion was quickly returned as orders for the system climbed to 1,000 per month within two years. In 1973, after selling only 40 machines, Kenbak Corporation closed its doors. OPENSTEP was used as one of the foundations for the new Mac OS operating system soon after NeXT was acquired by Apple in 1996. The display also used In Plane Switching (IPS) technology, which allowed for a wider viewing angle and improved color accuracy. The MOS 6502 was introduced at a conference in San Francisco at a cost of $25, far less than comparable processors from Intel and Motorola, leading some attendees to believe that the company was perpetrating a hoax. The TX-0 (Transistor eXperimental - 0) is the first general-purpose programmable computer built with transistors. Headquartered in Maynard, Massachusetts, Digital Equipment Corporation, took over 8,680 square foot leased space in a nineteenth century mill that once produced blankets and uniforms for soldiers who fought in the Civil War. Designed by John V. Blankenbaker using standard medium-- and small-scale integrated circuits, the Kenbak-1 relied on switches for input and lights for output from its 256-byte memory. Designed by Don Lancaster, the TV Typewriter is an easy-to-build kit that can display alphanumeric information on an ordinary television set. Chuck Peddle leads a small team of former Motorola employees to build a low-cost microprocessor. What kind of software tool are Notebook and ActivInspire examples of? Called a complex instruction set computer, VAX systems were backward compatible and so preserved the investment owners of previous DEC computers had in software.